Scientific Abstract
Overview & Methodology
Passive monitoring is frequently sold as equivalent to active polling with fewer risks. It is not. This paper sets out precisely which OT conditions are observable from mirrored traffic across forty-one industrial protocols, which require an active query and are therefore deliberately outside our scope, and how to reason about the resulting coverage gap during a process safety review rather than after one.
Citation & Indexing
Standard Citation
U. Wad, B. Shrirame, N. Randive. Passive-by-architecture monitoring at Purdue Levels 0–2: what it can and cannot see. UElement technical whitepaper, second edition, 2026.
BibTeX Entry
@techreport{wad2026passive,
title = {Passive-by-architecture monitoring at Purdue Levels 0--2},
author = {Wad, U. and Shrirame, B. and Randive, N.},
institution= {UElement Technologies Private Limited},
year = {2026},
note = {Second edition}
}Applied in Real-world Infrastructure
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Publication Access
Reference IDUE-RES-2026-007
FormatWhitepaper
LicenceCC BY 4.0 (Open Access)
Source CodeGitHub Repository ↗
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